Solutions Manual comes in a PDF format and available for download only 3 times using the link in the description. All orders are placed anonymously. We will not store your data according to our privacy policy. This is the Solutions Manual of 7th edition of the Fundamentals of Thermodynamics.
Please use the search box to find the other manuals. You may use the contact box to reach us. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Cookie Settings Accept All. Manage consent. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.
Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.
We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary Necessary.
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Staci Miller. Jederson Marden. Assuming standard gravitation and no friction in the pulley what is the acceleration of the 10 kg mass when released? Solution: Do the equation of motion for the mass m2 along the downwards direction, in that case the mass m 1 moves up i.
Find the required force. What is the expected reading? If this mass is weighed with a spring scale that reads correctly for standard gravity on earth see Problem 2.
Find the specific volume on both a mass and mole basis v and v. Find the mass of air and the overall average specific volume. Assuming standard gravity, find the piston mass that will create a pressure inside of kPa. Find the ambient pressure. As the gunpowder is burned a pressure of 7 MPa is created in the gas behind the ball. What is the acceleration of the ball if the cylinder cannon is pointing horizontally?
Solution: The cannon ball has kPa on the side facing the atmosphere. With an outside atmospheric pressure of kPa, what should the water pressure be to lift the piston? Find the absolute pressure inside the vessel. The spring exerts no force on the piston when it is at the bottom of the cylinder and for the state shown, the pressure is kPa with volume 0.
The valve is opened to let some air in, causing the piston to rise 2 cm. Find the new pressure. Solution: A linear spring has a force linear proportional to displacement. These two points determine the straight line shown in the P-V diagram. What is the gauge pressure? What is the pressure difference? One is 10 m tall, 2 m diameter, the other is 2.
What is the total force from the bottom of each tank to the water and what is the pressure at the bottom of each tank? Air is let in under the piston so it pushes up, spilling the water over the edge. Deduce the formula for the air pressure as a function of the piston elevation from the bottom, h. Assuming standard atmospheric pressure outside the cylinder, find the gas pressure. An air flow inside the apparatus is determined by measuring the pressure drop across an orifice with a mercury manometer see Problem 2.
What is the pressure drop in kPa? Find the pressure difference between the two holes flush with the bottom of the channel. You cannot neglect the two unequal water columns. Outside pressure is kPa and standard gravitation. Find the mass mB so that none of the pistons have to rest on the bottom. A single point force of N presses down on piston A. Find the needed extra force on piston B so that none of the pistons have to move.
You dive 15 m down in the ocean and you later climb a hill up to m elevation. What pressure do you feel at each place? This is illustrated in Fig. Cylinder A is used as a hydraulic lift and pumped up to kPa. The piston mass is 25 kg and there is standard gravity. What is the gas pressure in cylinder B?
Find the pressure B on each side of the valve. The valve is opened and water flows to an equilibrium. Find the final pressure at the valve location.
Find the conversion formula between Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales. A force of lbf now accelerates this system.
With an outside atmospheric pressure of 1 atm, what should the water pressure be to lift the piston? If a pressure difference of You dive 30 ft down in the ocean and you later climb a hill up to ft elevation. Assume the density of water is about Give the approximate pressure range in kPa for water being in each one of the three phases vapor, liquid or solid. Solution: The phases can be seen in Fig. Using only the critical properties can the phase of the mass be determined if the substance is nitrogen, water or propane?
Solution: a b c Find state relative to critical point properties which are: : 3. How much mass is there if the gas is a air, b neon or c propane? Solution: Table A. To what pressure should it be charged if there should be 1. Solution: Assume CO2 is an ideal gas table A. The valve is opened and air flows into the tank until the pressure reaches 5 MPa, at which point the valve is closed and the temperature inside is K.
What is the mass of air in the tank before and after the process? The tank eventually cools to room temperature, K.
What is the pressure inside the tank then? Solution: P, T known at both states and assume the air behaves as an ideal gas. The difference in mass is 0. What is the gas, assuming it is a pure substance listed in Table A. The kg piston has a diameter of 0.
The cylinder now cools as heat is transferred to the ambient. At what temperature does the piston begin to move down? How far has the piston dropped when the temperature reaches ambient? Find the mass of air in the balloon and the minimum required volume of the tank. Solution: Assume air is an ideal gas. The pump rate of volume displacement is 0. How much water vapor has been removed over a 30min period?
What is then the diameter of the balloon? Solution: Balloon of Problem 3. The valve to the air line is opened and the piston begins to rise when the cylinder pressure is kPa. When the valve is closed, the cylinder volume is 1. What mass of air is inside the cylinder? You must make one assumption on your own. Estimate the mass from the compressibility factor if the substance is a air, b butane or c propane.
Solution: Figure D. Determine the mass using the compressibility factor. Solution: No Argon table so we use generalized chart Fig. Estimate the total butane mass in the bottle using the generalized compressibility chart.
Use the generalized charts to estimate the temperature. This becomes trial and error. Try sat. Do the calculation for 10 kPa and 1 MPa. Solution: Look at the two states assuming ideal gas and then the steam tables. Solution: a. Air Table B. States shown are placed relative to the two-phase region, not to each other.
T d States shown are placed relative to the two-phase region, not to each other. H2O c. CO2 e. N2 Table B. These may be a little more difficult if the appendix tables are used instead of the software.
Table B. What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. Estimate the percent error in the mass determination if the ideal gas model is used. Solution: The methane Table B. The distance from the bottom of the tank to the liquid level is 8 m. What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank? Solution: Saturated conditions from Table B. The vessel is now heated. To design the tank the pressure must be estimated and three different methods are suggested.
Which is the most accurate, and how different in percent are the other two? Nitrogen tables, Table B. Ideal gas c. Generalized compressibility chart, Fig. What is the quality in the tank? How long time will it take before the methane becomes single phase and what is the pressure then? Solution: Use Table B. To what pressure should it be compressed? To what pressure should it be expanded? What if the properties of saturated liquid at 20 MPa were used? What is the mass fraction of solid at this temperature?
The system is heated, causing the piston to rise and encounter a linear spring as shown in Fig. At this point the volume is 1. The heating continues, so the piston compresses the spring. What is the cylinder temperature when the pressure reaches kPa? It is used in an experiment, where it should pass through the critical point when the system is heated.
What should the initial mass fraction of liquid be? It is desired to know the pressure at this condition, but there is no means of measuring it, since the tube is sealed. What is the initial pressure? The tank is now slowly heated. Will the liquid level inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? What if the initial mass is 1 kg instead of 6 kg? A valve on the cylinder is opened and additional ammonia flows into the cylinder until the mass inside has doubled.
If at this point the pressure is 1. Solution: State 1 Table B. Due to heat transfer, some of the liquid evaporates and in one hour the liquid level drops 30 mm. The vapor leaving the container passes through a valve and a heater and exits at kPa, K. Calculate the volume rate of flow of nitrogen gas exiting the heater. Solution: Properties from table B. It is heated until the pressure reaches 2.
Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or less vapor than the initial state? It is now cooled at constant pressure to saturated vapor state 2 at which point the piston is locked with a pin.
Show the processes 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 on both a P—v and T—v diagram. The system now cools until the pressure reaches kPa. Find the mass of water, the final state T2, v2 and plot the P—v diagram for the process. P 1: Table B. Solution: Process: constant volume and constant mass. P State 2 is saturated vapor, from table B. The valve is now opened and the two come to a uniform state. Find the final specific volume. Solution: Control volume: both tanks.
Constant total volume and mass process. Through a volume flowmeter and valve, 0. The top of the tank b. Table C. H2O Table C. The distance from the bottom of the tank to the liquid level is 25 ft. Solution: Table C. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum temperature of F?
What would be the percent error if the properties of saturated liquid at F were used in the calculation? From Table C. What if the initial mass is 2 lbm instead of 14 lbm? Solution: Process: Constant volume and mass.
Solution: Control volume both tanks. Constant total volume and mass. It is now cooled until the water becomes saturated vapor. Find the final pressure. The physical setup could be as in Problem 2. Find the boundary work done by the mass.
Solution: The setup has a pressure that varies linear with volume going through the initial and the final state points. The work is the area below the process curve. Stops in the cylinder restricts the enclosed volume to 0. Find the final pressure, volume and the work done by the water. Initially the piston floats, similar to the setup in Problem 4.
Now heat is added so a final pressure of kPa is reached. Find the final volume and the work in the process.
An additional kg water is now forced into the tank. Assuming constant temperature throughout, find the final pressure of the nitrogen and the work done on the nitrogen in this process. Solution: The water is compressed liquid and in the process the pressure goes up so the water stays as liquid. Incompressible so the specific volume does not change. The nitrogen is an ideal gas and thus highly compressible. What is the pressure and the quality of the water, when it has cooled to 25oC?
How much work is done? Solution: Control volume radiator. After the valve is closed no more flow, constant volume and mass. The balloon and ammonia are now heated so that a final pressure of kPa is reached. Considering the ammonia as a control mass, find the amount of work done in the process. Find the final volume and temperature, and determine the work done during the process. Solution: Take CV as the Ra which is a control mass. Process: Pv1. Calculate the work done in the process.
Assume the water vapor is an ideal gas. Solution: C. Determine the work done by the carbon dioxide in the cylinder during the process. Solution: Knowing the process P vs. V and the states 1 and 2 we can find W. If the piston just hits the upper stops the volume is 0. Heat is now added until the pressure reaches 1. Find the final temperature, show the P—V diagram and find the work done during the process. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of kPa will float it. Find the final pressure, volume and the work, 1W2.
Cylinder B, having a frictionless piston of such mass that a pressure of kPa will float it, is initially empty. What is the work done by the argon?
Solution: Take C. Boundary movement work done in cylinder B against constant external pressure of kPa. The inside pressure balances ambient pressure of kPa plus an externally imposed force that is proportional to V0. Now heat is transferred to the system to a final pressure of kPa. Find the final temperature and the work done in the process.
This is a control mass. The setup is heated and thus expands, moving the piston. Verify the final pressure is about kPa by iteration and find the work done in the process. State 1: Table B. Find the total work for the process, assuming a piecewise linear variation of P versus V. Atmospheric pressure is kPa, and the cylinder cross-sectional area is 0. Find the final pressure, final volume and the work done by the R Solution: State 1: T,x from table B.
Now the piston is balanced with an additional constant force and the pin is removed. The cooling continues to a state 3 where the Ra is saturated liquid. Show the processes in a P-V diagram and find the work in each of the two steps, 1 to 2 and 2 to 3. Solution : CV Ra This is a control mass. P Properties from table B. With the ammonia as a control mass, determine the boundary work during the process.
From Table B. From table B. What is the required work to obtain a relative strain of 0. Solution : Assume a free surface on both sides of the frame, i.
For a first approximation, assume that magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity divided by the temperature of the magnetic substance. Determine the work done in an isothermal process during a change of magnetization from M1 to M2. Take the battery as a control mass and find the instantaneous rate of work and the total work done over 4 hours..
The cylinder Fig. At what pressure will the piston touch the second spring? Find the final temperature and the total work done by the ammonia. For a control volume that consists of the space inside the balloon, determine the work done during the overall process. The spring force is zero when the lower piston stands at the bottom, and when the lower piston hits the stops the volume is 0. Find the initial temperature and the pressure that will lift the upper piston.
Find the final T, P, v and the work done by the water. The inside pressure balances ambient pressure of Solution : C. Ra P This is a control mass. Properties from table C. Solution: a Table B.
The tank is now cooled to K. What are the work and heat transfer for this process? Calculate the heat transfer during the process. Calculate the heat transfer in the process. Calculate the heat transfer from the water. The tank and ammonia is now heated to a final pressure of 1 MPa. Determine the heat transfer for the process. What was the heat transfer to or from the tank during this process? Solution: P C.
R in tank. Control mass at constant V. The piston is spring loaded and initially rests on some stops. A pressure of kPa will just float the piston and, at a volume of 1. The initial state of the water is kPa with a volume of 0. Heat is now added until a pressure of kPa is reached. Find the initial temperature and the final volume. Find the work and heat transfer in the process and plot the P—V diagram.
It has a safety valve that opens at a pressure of 1. By accident, the bottle is heated until the safety valve opens. Find the temperature and heat transfer when the valve first opens. The valve is now opened and, the water in both A and B comes to a uniform state. Find the initial mass in A and B. Assuming that the process is adiabatic, find the final temperature and work.
See 5. Heat is transferred to the system, causing the piston to rise until it reaches a set of stops at which point the volume has doubled. What is the quality at the initial state? Calculate the heat transfer for the overall process. Stops in the cylinder are placed to restrict the enclosed volume to 0. The water is now heated until the piston reaches the stops. Find the necessary heat transfer. Show the P—v diagram and find the work and heat transfer for the process.
Solution: Take CV as the water. Properties from table B. The piston is allowed to move, and the R expands until it exists as saturated vapor. During this process the R does 7.
Determine the final temperature, assuming the process is adiabatic. Solution: Take CV as the R Find the initial and final volumes and the total heat transfer required. Solution: Take CV as the nitrogen. Find the final temperature and specific work and heat transfer for the process. Water in the piston cylinder. When the valve is cracked open, Ra flows slowly into cylinder B. The piston mass requires a pressure of kPa in cylinder B to raise the piston. The process ends when the pressure in tank A has fallen to kPa.
Calculate the heat transfer for the process. The Ra. This system is heated until the pressure in the balloon reaches kPa. For this process, it can be assumed that the pressure in the balloon is directly proportional to the balloon diameter. How does pressure vary with volume and what is the heat transfer for the process? R which is a control mass. The piston has a mass of kg, with cross-sectional area of cm2, and the ambient pressure is kPa.
The pin is released, which allows the piston to move. Determine the final state of the water, assuming the process to be adiabatic. If the piston is at the bottom, the spring exerts a force such that a pressure of kPa inside is required to balance the forces.
The system now cools until the pressure reaches 1 MPa. Find the heat transfer for the process. The spring is mounted so at zero cylinder volume a balancing pressure inside is kPa. The cylinder contains 0. Heat is now transferred to the water until the cylinder pressure reaches kPa.
How much work is done by the water during this process and what is the heat transfer? The 0. Conservation of mass: Energy eq. Tank A contains 0. The valve is opened, and the two tanks eventually come to a uniform state.
Assuming the process to be adiabatic, show the final state u,v is two-phase and iterate on final pressure to match required internal energy. Heat is now added until the water reaches a saturated vapor state. Find the initial volume, final pressure, work, and heat transfer terms and show the P—v diagram. The 5 kg water. Find the heat transfer during the process. The valve is opened and saturated vapor flows from A into B until the pressures become equal.
Find the total heat transfer to the Ra during the process. Let the valve be opened and transfer enough heat to both tanks so all the liquid disappears. Find the final temperature in the cylinder and the heat transfer for the process. Water in cylinder. The room is well insulated and initially evacuated. Due to a failure, the reactor ruptures and the water fills the containment room.
Find the minimum room volume so the final pressure does not exceed kPa. A cylinder containing 1 kg of ammonia has an externally loaded piston. Ammonia going through process 1 - 2 - 3. Control mass. The piston cross-sectional area is 0. A total of 62 kJ of heat is now added to the R Verify that the final pressure is around kPa and find the final temperature of the R The capsule breaks and its contents fill the entire volume.
If the final pressure should not exceed kPa, what should the vessel volume be? Larger vessel. The external piston force is proportional to cylinder volume cubed. Heat is transferred out of the cylinder, reducing the volume and thus the force until the cylinder pressure has dropped to kPa. Find the work and heat transfer for this process. The refrigerant mass is 5 kg, and during this process kJ of heat is removed. Find the initial and final volumes and the necessary work.
Ra, this is a control mass. Consider a piston cylinder with 0. A piston cylinder setup similar to Problem 4. The volume is 0. Find the mass of the fluid and show the P—v diagram.
0コメント